Modern Hebrew as a key element in the construction of national identity in Israel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37536/LYM.15.1.2023.2150Keywords:
Israel, identity, Hebrew, Aliyah, Ulpan, UlpanimAbstract
Cultural differences developed among its members during the almost 2000 years that the Jewish people remained in exile. At the end of the 19th century, the idea of creating a state where they could express their identity unconditionally began to be seen realistically. While it is true that the elements that usually make up a nation are very diverse, they found one, language, which seemed capable of uniting the cultural differences created because of these years of separation. This is why the state of Israel configured the Israeli national identity around this element. In this regard, Israel developed a language policy linked to the absorption of migrants, focusing on the Ulpan programme. Seventy-five years after its creation, Israel is one of the most prosperous states in integrating immigrants, primarily based on language.
Downloads
References
Abu–Rabia, Salim. 1998. “Social and cognitive factors influencing the Reading comprehension of Arab students learning Hebrew as a second language in Israel” Journal of Research in Reading. 21:3. 201–212.
Almog, Oz. 2000. The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew. The University of California Press
Amara, Mohammed. 2001. “The Construction of Identity in a divided Palestinian Village: Sociolingüistic Evidence”. En Language and Communication in Israel. Herzog, Hanna y Eliezer Ben–Rafael, Abingdon: Routledge. 273–289.
Amiran, Revital. 2009. “Beyond the sacred language: on the liberal evolution of Hebrew in Jewish nationality” Nation and Nationalism. 15:4. 658–677.
Avineri, Shlomo. 1998. “Zionism and the Jewish Religious Tradition”. En Zionism and Religion. Almog, Shmuel, Jehuda Reinharz y Anita Shapira (eds) Hannover: Brandeis University Press.
Beenstock, Michael, Barry R. Chiswick y Gaston L. Repetto. 2001. “The effect of linguistic distance and country of origin on immigrant language skills: Application to Israel”, International Migration, 39:3. 33–60.
Bejarano, Ana. 1981. Plurilingüismo y política en el Israel de nuestros días, Madrid: Fundación Juan March.
Ben–Rafael, Eliezer. 2008. “Las etnicidades judías en Israel”, Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía. Política y Humanidades. 19. 99–111.
Ben–Rafael, Eliezer y Hezi Brosch. 2001. Jews and Arabs in Israel. The Cultural Convergences and Divergent identities. En Language and Communication in Israel. Herzog, Hanna y Eliezer Ben–Rafael, Abingdon: Routledge. 273–289.
Ben–Yehuda, Eliezer. 1993. A dream come true. Abingdon: Routledge. Original de 1882.
Berman, Ruth Aronson. 1978. Modern Hebrew structure, Tel Aviv: University Pub. Po
Blau, Joshua. 1976. Tkhiát ha`ivrít utkhiát ha’aravít hasifrutít: kavím makbilím umafridím. Jerusalem: Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2020a. Statistical Abstract of Israel 2020. No.71. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2020b The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2020c. Selected Data from the 2020 social Survey on Mastery of Hebrew Language (en Hebreo) Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics
Central Bureau of Statistics. 2013. Immigration Absorption Survey 2010–2011 Selected Findings. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics
Chowers, Eyal y Revital Amiran–Sappir. 2006. “A movement of Twilight: on time, building and citizenship in Zionism”. En Civic Tongue in Israel. Dan Avnon, Jerusalem: Magnes.
Chowers, Eyal.2012. Political Philosophy Of Zionism: Trading Jewish Words for a Hebraic Land. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Coffin, Edna Amir y Shmuel Bolozky. 2005. A Reference Grammar of Modern Hebrew Hardback. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Constitution Act of Canada. 1982. Disponible en https://laws–lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page–12.html#h–39
Domb, Risa. 2000. “Ideology, Identity and Language in Modern Hebrew Literature” Israel Affairs. 7:1. 71–86.
Federal Constitution of Malaysia. 2009. Laws of Malaysia. Disponible en https://www.jac.gov.my/spk/images/stories/10_akta/perlembagaan_persekutuan/federal_constitution.pdf
Gellert, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gilbert, Paul, 2018. The Philosophy of Nationalism. Abingdon: Routledge.
Glinert, Lewis. 2017a. The Story of Hebrew. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Glinert, Lewis. 2017b. Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar, Abingdon: Routledge.
Gobierno Provisional de Israel. 1948. “Declaración de Independencia de Israel”. Tel Aviv: Official Gazette. 1 (en Hebreo)
Halperin, Liora R. 2012. “Modern Hebrew, Esperanto and the Quest for a Universal Language” Jewish Social Studies: History Culture and Society. 19:1. 1–33
Haramati, Shlomo. 1992 Ivrit khayá bimrutsat hadorót. Masada: Israel. (en Hebreo)
Harel–Shalev, Ayelet. 2005. “Arabic as a Minority Language in Israel: A Comparative Perspective”. Adalah Newsletter”, 14. 1–10.
Harlpen, Ben. 1961. The Idea of Jewish State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Harshav, Benjamin. 1993. Language in Time of Revolution. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Helman, Anat. 2002. “Even the Dogs in the Street Bark in Hebrew": National Ideology and Everyday Culture in Tel–Aviv” The Jewish Quarterly Review. 92:3–4. 359–382
Hepburn. A.C. 2001.“Language, Religion and National Identity in Ireland since 1880” Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 2:2. 197–220
Herlz, Theodor. 2021. Altneuland. La Vieja Nueva Tierra. Amazon Digital Services
Herlz. Theodor. 1996. The Jewish State. Nothvale: Macmillan.
Hochman, Oshrat y Rebeca Raijman. 2022. “The Jewish premium attitudes towards Jewish and non–Jewish inmigrant arriving in Israel under the Law of Return” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45:16. 144–167.
Horowits.1989. T. (ed.) The Soviet Man in Open Society. Lanham: American University Press.
John, Carolyn; Young, Louis; Giles, Howard y John E. Hofman. 2001. “Language, values and intercultural differentiation in Israel”, The Journal of Social Pshycoly,125:4. 527–529.
Kohn, Hans. 2017. The Idea of Nationalism. A Study in Its Origins and Background. Abingdon: Routledge.
Kuzar, Ron. 2009 “A Jewish and Democratic State: The Zionist Basis for Territorial Concessions”. Journal of Language and Politics, 8:1. 97–111
Kuzar, Ron. 2008. “The term return in the Palestinian discourse on the Right of Return”. Discourse and Society, 19:5. 629–644.
Kuzar, Ron. 2001. Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Studies. Berlin/New York: Mont of Gruyter.
Laitin, David. 2000. “What is a language community?” American Journal of Political Science, 44:1. 142–155.
Lang, Avi. 2015. “The Politics of Hebrew and Yiddish Zionism and Transnationalism”. The Federal Debate, 2. 33–35.
Lange, Nicholas. 2000. El judaísmo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lav, Yehuda. 2009. “The integration process in Israel” Österreichischer Integrationsfonds 1. 1–28.
Leibowitz, Yesayahu. 1995. Peuple, Terre, État. Paris: Plon.
Penslar, Derek. 2003. “Transmitting Jewish Culture: Radio in Israel” Jewish Social Studies, 13:1. 1–29.
Pew Research Center. 2016. Israel’s Religiously Divided Society. Washington D.C: Pew Research Center.
Rabkin, Yakov. 2010. “Language in Nationalism: Modern Hebrew in the Zionist project” Holy Land Studies, 9:2. 129–145.
Raijman, Rebeca y Rona Geffen. 2017. “Sense of belonging and life satisfaction among Post–1990 Immigrants in Israel”. International Migration, 56:3. 141–157.
Raijman, Rebeca, Moshe Semyonov y Rona Geffen. 2014.”Language Profiency among Post–1990 in Israel”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41:8. 1347–1371.
Raijman, Rebeca. 2012. “Foreigners and Outsiders: Exclusionist Attitude towards Labour Migrants in Israel”. International Migration, 51:1. 137–151.
Reshef, Yael. 2012 “From Hebrew Folksong to Israel Song: Language and Style in Naomi Shemer’s Lyrics” Israel Studies. 17:1. 157–179.
Rubin, Adam. 2011. “Turning goyim into Jews: Aliyah and the Politics of Cultural Anxiety in the Zionist Movement 1933–1939”. The Jewish Quarterly Review, 101:1. 71–96.
Sáenz–Badillo, Ángel. 1988. Historia de la Lengua Hebrea. Sabadell: AUSA.
Schwarzwald, Ora. 2001. Modern Hebrew. Munich: LINCOM GmbH.
Safran, William. 2005. “Language and nation–building in Israel: Hebrew and its rival” Nation and Nationalism, 11: 1. 43–63.
Safran, William. 2003. “The end of normality: the diaporization of Israel? En Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: Germany, Israel and Post Soviet Successo State in Comparative Perspective, Muenz. R., y Oligers R (ed) London: Frank Cass
Safran, William. 1992. “Language, ideology and state–building: a comparison of policies in France, Israel and the Soviet Union” International Political Science Review, 13:4. 397–414.
Saposnik, Arieh. 2008. Becoming Hebrew: The creation of Jewish National Culture in the Ottoman Palestine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shapiro, Angela. 1989. “The role of the Ulpan in the immigration process in Israel”. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 8:2. 151–161.
Smith, Anthony D. 2002. “When is a nation?” Geopolitics, 7:2. 5–32
Smith, Anthony D. 1991. National Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
Soffer, Oren. 2009. “Why Hebrew? A comparative analysis of language choice in the early Hebrew press” Media History, 15:3. 253–267.
Stavans, Ilan. 2008. Resurrecting Hebrew. Schocken; American First edition
Tajfel, Henri y John C. Turner. 2004. “The Social identity theory of intergroup behaviour” En Key readings in social psychology. Political psychology: Key readings. John Jost y Jim Sidanius. Psychology Press. 276–293.
Van den Bos, Matthijs. 2021. “The promised land of Fadak: locating religious nationalism in shiite politics”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49:5. 769–791
Wexler, Paul. 1990. “The Schizoid Nature of Modern Hebrew: A Slavic language in search of a Semitic past” Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Zuckermann, Ghilad. 2006. “A new version for Israeli Hebrew. Theoretical and practical implications of analysing Israel´s main language as a semi–engineered Semito–European hybrid language. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 5:1. 57–71
Zuckermann, Ghilad. 2005 Ha’ivrit kemítos. Tel Avic: Am Oved.
Zuckermann, Ghilad. 2004. “Cultural Hybridity: Multisource Neologization in Reinvented Language and Language with Photo–Logographic Script” Language in Contrast, 4. 281–318.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Alberto Priego Moreno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
